Lord of the Rings – A Singer's Guide to the Languages of Middle Earth
Compiled by Alice Valantine Beckstrom ©2004
Rules for Vowels:
Hint: for unstressed vowels, use Roman-Latin pronunciation and no diphthongs
Unstressed or Unaccented Vowels:
•
a (ah) as in blah or bought
a (ah) as in blah or bought •e (eh) as in bed or pled
e (eh) as in bed or pled •i (ih) pronounced as the English peat, but shorter; French lit; German vital.
i (ih) pronounced as the English peat, but shorter; French lit; German vital. •o is roughly English (but not American!) pot; French comme; German Topf.
o is roughly English (but not American!) pot; French comme; German Topf. •u is the sound of boot, but shorter; French ou; German Uran.
u is the sound of boot, but shorter; French ou; German Uran. •y in Sindarin only, this is a vowel, pronounced like the vowel i
y in Sindarin only, this is a vowel, pronounced like the vowel iThe long vowels are pronounced thus:
•á, í, ú: just like the short vowels, but longer! (About twice as long, if you want a guide figure, but just do whatever your own language does.)
á, í, ú: just like the short vowels, but longer! (About twice as long, if you want a guide figure, but just do whatever your own language does.) •é is pronounced a little `closer' than e. The first part of the diphthong in English may; a long version of French é; or German Tee.
é is pronounced a little `closer' than e. The first part of the diphthong in English may; a long version of French é; or German Tee. •ó is similarly pronounced closer than o. English paw (but closer); French hôte; German Sohn.
ó is similarly pronounced closer than o. English paw (but closer); French hôte; German Sohn. •ý, In Sindarin, as in i but hold longer.
ý, In Sindarin, as in i but hold longer.(When a circumflex accent is used, pronounce it the same but hold it even longer)
Exceptions/ Diphthongs / Diaeresis:
•Exceptions:
Exceptions:There are 3 exceptions pertaining to vowels when preceded by the letter "r": er (like English air, German mehr), ir (like English ear, German bier), ur (like English tour, German fur).
•Diphthongs:
Diphthongs: Quenya has a set of six diphthongs (note that all other pairs of vowels should be pronounced separately). They are: ai, oi, ui, au, eu, iu. In each case, pronounce the first vowel strongly, and glide into the second (except for iu, where is it also acceptable to glide from a weak i to a strong u -- that is a Third Age pronunciation).
Sindarin also has a set of six diphthongs. They are: ai, ae, ei, oe, ui, au. The same pronunciation rules apply to these diphthongs.
•Diaeresis:
Diaeresis:Tolkien used the diaeresis sign in order to remind English speakers that the vowel should always be pronounced at the end of words (as in aurë), and, that combinations such as ea are two sounds (as in Aldëa, or hísië), not a diphthong. Since this is completely unnecessary, it's usual not used in articles on Tolkienian linguistics.
Rules For Consonants
Hint: think Roman-Latin for Elvish & Adûniac; German-Latin for Khuzdûl,
Rohirric & Black Speech, making BS very harsh, aspirated and dark.
*Sindarin consonants change when as the initial consonant,
it is preceded by the article i (the), preposition na (to, toward) or certain prefixes.
Quenya, Sindar (both Elvish) & Adûniac Khuzdûl (Dwarvish), Rohirric & Black Speech (Language of Mordor)
Khuzdûl (Dwarvish), Rohirric & Black Speech (Language of Mordor)Bas in bat (*Sindarin: sometimes changes to V) Voiced and plosive
as in bat (*Sindarin: sometimes changes to V) Voiced and plosiveCas in car (*S: sometimes changes to G) Spelled with a K
as in car (*S: sometimes changes to G) Spelled with a KCH as in Bach Spelled with a KH
as in Bach Spelled with a KHDas in dog (*S: sometimes softens to TH)
as in dog (*S: sometimes softens to TH)DH as in these (also like a Spanish D)
as in these (also like a Spanish D)Fwhen at the end of a word, change to V Unvoiced spirant (Rohirric – change to V when
when at the end of a word, change to V Unvoiced spirant (Rohirric – change to V when in middle of word)Gas in gate (*S: sometimes softens to H, except see NG) Usually silent
as in gate (*S: sometimes softens to H, except see NG) Usually silentGH N/A Voiced spirant
N/A Voiced spirantHas in house
as in houseHL, LHunvoiced L Rohirric: unvoiced L
unvoiced L Rohirric: unvoiced LHT as in German acht, except when preceded by As the German, acht
as in German acht, except when preceded by As the German, acht an E or I then as in German ich (S: N/A)HW N/A Rohirric: unvoiced W as in high
N/A Rohirric: unvoiced W as in highHY unvoiced Y as in white
unvoiced Y as in whiteK, KH N/A heavily aspirated
N/A heavily aspiratedLsoft as in let lateral as in loathe
soft as in let lateral as in loatheMas in man (*S: sometimes changes to V) add nasal
as in man (*S: sometimes changes to V) add nasalNas in neigh add nasal
as in neigh add nasalNG as in finger, except at end of word: as in singer
as in finger, except at end of word: as in singerPas in pat (*S: sometimes changes to B)
as in pat (*S: sometimes changes to B)PH f, but in middle of word: ff
f, but in middle of word: ffQU as in quote Rohirric: spelled CW instead of QU
as in quote Rohirric: spelled CW instead of QURalways flipped or rolled Khuzdûl & BS: a heavily rolled back or uvular R
always flipped or rolled Khuzdûl & BS: a heavily rolled back or uvular RRH unvoiced R (S: voice the R and add H)
unvoiced R (S: voice the R and add H)Ss as in geese (exception: SH as in sheep) unvoiced spirant (Rohirric: Z when in middle of word)
s as in geese (exception: SH as in sheep) unvoiced spirant (Rohirric: Z when in middle of word)SC N/A Rohirric: as in sheep
N/A Rohirric: as in sheepTas tan (*S: sometimes changes to D) Khuzdûl: aspirated
as tan (*S: sometimes changes to D) Khuzdûl: aspiratedTH cloth, think Khuzdûl: aspirated stop
cloth, think Khuzdûl: aspirated stopTY similar to the T in tune
similar to the T in tuneYas in you (*S: it becomes a vowel)
as in you (*S: it becomes a vowel)ZN/A Sound of the English Zed
N/A Sound of the English Zed* Double consonants such as LL, NN, SS, TT are held longer
